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1.	Commun Integr Biol. 2009 Sep;2(5):396-9. Key elements of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway in Volvox carteri. Hallmann A. Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany. armin.hallmann@gmx.de Abstract The green alga Volvox carteri is one of the simplest multicellular organisms. It consists of only two cell types, somatic and reproductive cells, making it a suitable model system for studying cell division, multicellularity and cellular differentiation. Each of the approximately 2,000-4,000 cells of an adult, asexual organism arises through a sequence of symmetric and asymmetric cleavage divisions from a single, asexual reproductive cell. As in ontogenetic development of higher organisms, the fate of a Volvox blastomere (i.e., whether it undergoes division or differentiation) is determined by a complex balance of regulators. Retinoblastomarelated proteins (RBRs) seem to act as key regulators and hubs in cell cycle control and, therefore, have been investigated in detail in higher organisms. Recently, the identification and characterization of a gender-specific RBR in Volvox, RBR1, revealed a role for the retinoblastoma protein family in sexual development. RBRs are elements of a conserved signal-transduction pathway called the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor pathway. In addition to RBR1, other key components of this pathway are present in Volvox, demonstrating that the RB signal-transduction pathway is utilized by these simple green algae. PMCID: PMC2775231 Free PMC Article
	PMID: 19907698 [PubMed]